Practical Way to Cool Earth by Planting Forest and
0rganic Paddy Rice at the Equator Line
By Shintaro Sugiyama and Tawan Hangsoongnern,Rainbow Farm in Thailand
(Abstract)
There are severe problems of too rapid heat of the earth with higher concentration of CO2 gas by too much use of fossil energy by our civilization, as the high disturbed weather, and higher temperature resulting drought and few of agricultural production and few of human food and so on.
To realize those problems the people only pursue to increase number of atomic dynamo, it is very much dangerous, if only one of them explodes, or to use alcoholic fuel consuming important grains much, inviting so expensive food price, that poor people would become impossible to buy foods.
Nevertheless, we want to show a way in the tropical area, to cool the heating earth directly with natural way through planting forests to keep wet environment first, only during 15 years the effects of mediating abnormal weathers will appear, and also, to grow the organic rice by the compound agriculture with animal growing, that sustains farmers to take foods, self making fertilizer and using natural systems well controlling diseases and weeds without chemical herbicide and drugs, and possible to become the true sustainable farmers.
1. Experiment for measuring temperature effects between around Tokyo and Chiang Mai.
In 1993, when Sugiyama, went Philippines, he saw an organic coffee garden, where coffee tree was mix-planted with 6 fruit trees as banana, coconuts, mango, and so on, having none of disease and insect harm. He thought the biodiversity of the mix-planted population would stop the pests.
Fig.1.Scenes around the experimental farm Donpao village Maewang Chiang Mai.
He and Tawan started an experiment of mix-planting of vegetables in Chiang Mai at about 100 m2 field of ample nature of triple surrounded with narrow water trench, banana and another trees(Fig.1). The area was divided to three blocks and in each block had 6 plots being 3 kinds of families of Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Leguminosae vegetables with 2 repeats. Rate of pest harms was scaled as, bad fruit cannot sell in organic market was 1,can sell was 0, and doubtful can or not was 0.5. And the mean values of the plot were shown as Fig.2.
By the mix- planting the rate of harms decreased from 89% to 6 % during 2.5 years, showing the effect of biodiversity decreased the rate of pests clearly. And in the curve, the line crossed with lateral line of 18%,which showed the level of the clear effect of depression to 1/5 from the starting value of 89%, came roughly 1.5years later from the start. And also, Sugiyama must say his experience in Isehara, near Tokyo, where he trained organic farming for 13 years, at first there were many pests in the farm, but after 3 years many ladybirds（useful beetles）appeared, and then pests of vegetables decreased, and growing vegetable became easy, as my friends said, “in organic farm environment becomes easier after 3 years passed”. Now, in Chiang Mai year’s mean temperature is 26℃, and in Tokyo it is about 16℃, the former is higher 10℃ than the latter. Then we have one formula of a biological thermo-quorum as Q10=2, which shows that plant activity in Chiang Mai is double compared to Tokyo. Another case of the same data of the fermentation of “Bokasi”(organic fertilizer) , it needs 1 week in Chiang Mai, and 2 weeks in Isehahara.
Fig.2.Change of the harms of the pests with time
2. Healthy animal growing by the oral supply of EM (effective microbes, the main substances are estimated mix of yeasts and Lactobatillus)
In pig growing Tawan was succeeding to feed pigs with the beer waste (barley used for brewing beer) with no bad smell and no visit of flies, by the effects of useful and active fungi of the yeast. But when beer waste could not buy, he changed it to supply of EM liquid diluted by 1000 times of water with foods, he succeeded to grow pigs healthy without bad smell and no visit of flies. From that time the same method was continued, but when he thought it is need the spray of EM liquid on the floor, he did and succeeded to grow ducks and chickens healthy, even free from lung fevers of animals. By this technique he received the prize of Thai Government in December of 2007. The EM liquid are sold commonly in Thailand. But if needed in other countries, we can use native useful fungi by catching method of Mr.Cho, which says in the morning green leaves 3kg harvested and mixed with 1kg powder of black sugar, 1 week later making pickles. By this pickle mixed as the seed of useful fungus with animal stables and 1/10 rice bran with 15% of water added, will be fermented and becomes to the compost for organic farming.
3. Success of improving organic fertilizer to make lighter and better quality
Japanese old type of Bokashi had been heavy because of mixing 30 % of soil to absorb ammonia gas during the fermentation process. Mr Tawan changed the rate of the material as 60 % of stable of ducks, 30% of burnt rice husks, 10% of rice embryos (waste powder of rice factory), materials were mixed and suitable water was added and fermented during 1 week, the new Bokashi was made. By the chemical test of Chiang Mai University, it had 1.56% of N, 1.83 % of P2O5 and 1.40 % of K2O being nice nutritions, and with lighter character adaptable to top dressing use.
Also he learned from his grandfather that in tropical area the rice husks can be used as basic fertilizer of rice, after he tested, it was true. Then, we are succeeding to use fertilizers for 1/m2 as the basic fertilizer 1 kg of rice husk(N4~6g), for 1st top dress at mid tiller stage our Bokashi 200g (N3g) and for 2nd top dress at the small ear (1mm) stage same Bokashi 200g (N3g), total N10~12g. By such standard fertilization in matured soil of Rainbow Farm, we could get the harvest of about 5t/ha in dry season and also 5t/ha in rainy season total 10 t/ha harvested a year.
Recently, we found another effect of rice husk as weeds killer. In the paddy field by repeated sprays of rice husk, there were very few weeds Ipomea and Sagittaria, as only 1 weed for one field (Fig 3) condition was gained.
And it has had queer result that in Rainbow Farm rice production had uniformly no disease. In the past around at the starting crops organic fertilizer was only rice bran sprayed 100kg for 1000m2, may be N4g/m2 of low level, naturally it was no disease. But recently about N 10~12g/ m2, higher level, it is queerly no disease under the normal fine earthworms activity. This phenomena were, we believe, may be according to the mediating works of the fine earthworm between N and P factors ( Kurihara,1998). The fine earthworms can give rice N and P factors. N gives rice two factors of growth and disease ones, and P gives photosynthetic activity. When disease factor of N increased, rice has disease. But by P, photosynthesis increased, it gives sugars to rice, which joins to amides of rice, it changes to amino acid or proteins of healthy substances, then rice can avoid from diseases. These healthy cases had a little chance even in insect harms of Stemborer, fewer harms of difference 1 to 3% variables, but for disease harms were completely no. It is not only in the rainy season, but also, in every season samely true. We can believe for disease completely no, that our supposition had been true.
Fig.3.Rice husks was sprayed 3times, weeds decreased almost completely to a few of Ipomea and Sagittaria.
4. Finding of the fine earthworm and studies on BGA in Rainbow Farm
(1) Finding of the fine earthworm by Tawan, H.
In 2004 we went to Japan, and we visited an organic farm of Mr.N.Iwasawa in Chiba, growing rice by the non cultivated method, which usury did not dug out, and over winter season kept water in the farm. There were many fine earthworms with many kinds of algae making block of thick net, and no disease, and rice was high yield.
We could learn the study of Prof.Y.Kurihara of Tohoku Univ., that the fine earthworms in the paddy field took BGA, photosynthetic bacteria and small weeds, and gave nitrogen and phosphates to rice plant. They made the sticky soil of paddy field. And when chemical drugs and fertilizers came, fine earthworms died or decreased their number.
In dry season (November) of 2004, Tawan found many fine earthworms at the depth of 45cm of dry paddy field (Fig.4,a,b). He reported, in the organic farm where rice is growing, this earthworm in the day stay at the bottom of soil to eat BGA or microbes and to work there, and in the night they came upon the field, doing sexual activity and so on. In the next morning, they return to the depth, resting many traces on the surface of the paddy field.
Fig.4.Discover of the fine earthworm (Enchytraeidae by Nakamura, 1998) in rainbow Farm, a: in November of 2004 found by
Tawan H. at the depth of 45 cm, and b: enlarged about x 150.
Recently, Prof. Washitani reports by a organic rice growing of over winter keeping water method, on fine earthworm, few pests and higher yield near to 5t/ha and biodiversity including visiting of birds even the storks (Washitani, 2006).
(2)Studies on BGA by S Sugiyama
He learned the classification of BGA by Prof.Dr.Somporn in Chiangmai University. He mainly cultured BGA by pot (bucket) culture, observed the change of orders. BGA could appear in the spring with the growing rice of the dry season in Chiang Mai. When young leaves cut and floated in a stream, BGA of Oscillatoria (Fig.5,a) which was simplest one without heterocyst (the cell, which catches nitrogen from the air) appeared. BGA, which was side of rotted leaves or compost was Cylidrospermae, which had one heterocysts at the top of trichome, shape of beaded string (Fig.5,b). When rice grew more than seedling size, BGA side of rice plant was usually Anabeana, which had 5~6 heterocyst in a trichome (Fig.5,c). And when rice became about mid-tiller stage, during short time BGA, Nostoc, which had the same constitution as Anabeana, but had longer and shrunken trichomes (the most active type among Anabeana group by (Kimura,1988) appeared, and occupied the place to 100% during not so long time(Fig.5,d). As such, BGA could change according to the growth of rice plant their taxonomic order, by following the relationships as underwritten.
Fig.5.Different orders of BGA, a:Oscillatoria, b:Cylindrospermae, c:Anabaena, d:Nostoc.
(3) Relations among BGA, fine earthworm and rice plant (Fig 6)
BGA(Anabeana)←“order change” inform. Earthworm(percept.)↔(appetitite)Rice Plant BGA(Nostoc)→(nutrition higher)→Earthworm (nutrition higher, N&P)→ Rice Plant
Fig.6. Relationships among BGA, Earthworms and rice plant (Shown hypothetically)
Rice plant would show the appetites as few or more nutrition, earthworm could perceive it. Then the earthworm will send information to BGA, to send nutrition high or low according to the appetite of rice plant. BGA could receive every information normally. When fine earthworm perceives that need of nutrition is too much, he would say to BGA, that urges change to higher taxonomic order of BGA, Nostoc, as such strong information had been the most clear, or “true information”. Normal BGA, when it had been with adult rice, being Anabeana, after received the information, he must give his seat to Nostoc. Sugiyama could observe the figures, which had shown that from older long Anabeana new spores of Nostoc were generating, and then, new shorter group of Nostoc appeared. And around mid tillering stage of rice plant during 10~14 days most pot were occupied by the Nostoc BGA.
Including the former description, the earthworm by the mediation work between N and P could keep the health of rice plant from danger of disease. Then, fine earthworms have the most important role in these relations. Then we want call the fine earthworm as “the manager of paddy field”.
By the telephone of Mr. N.Iwasawa, Distribution of fine earthworm has been in the organic rice farm of Hokkaido through Honshu to Okinawa of Japan and in Taiwan, Korea to Manshu, may be zone of the Japonica rice area of organic growing. But now in the North District of Thailand the fine earthworm was found by Tawan, Sugiyama can believe that in the North of Thailand are there many common traces of cultures with Japan, which originated more than 2000years ago in “Wetsu” country of south China, and transmitted to both areas by the migration of the culture or tribes. BGA, fine earthworm and Japonica rice may have originated in “Wetsu” country of south China as a set of rice cultivation (Ikehashi, 2005) and transmitted to both areas historically.
When we think the meaning of BGA as nitrogen supplier, the highest Nitrogen source BGA of Nostoc was adaptive only for mid-tillering stage, which is targeting only most vegetative increasing time, it was aiming at the safety maturity, and not aimed for the highest yield. The technique of BGA was also not adaptive to the second crop of the short day condition. Any how BGA is not adaptive to modern rice growing. But the mediation work of N and P by the fine earthworm is important for the tropical twice rice cultures, in keeping high yield of 5ton/ha level of harvest with no harm of disease.
5. On the results of the projects of the King of Thailand
(1)Success of forest planting of the King
The King when his 60 years anniversary came (1987), Thai people through the government proposed that, they want to dedicate 60 million (same to their population) plants to King. Then people planted many forests for decreasing the problems of water and for food security.
For us it was important to observe the effects of planting forest. In 1996, before one year of his coming to Thailand, Sugiyama heard that Thailand received floods in several places. After he came to Thailand in May of 1997, he did not see or hear on the flood and drought of the Central Plain of the Center and North East except extra big floods in 2004 as the biggest once for 40 years, and another biggest one in 2006 as once for 60 years. In August of 2003, on rainy day, Sugiyama had a trip along to the marginal forest of the Central Plain to Laos. He could observe that the forest was grown with about 5m height, by the formula of Q10=2, rain drops were caught by well developed leaves. And there looked no problem on the stopping water by the forest of about 15 years old in the area.
(2)The new method of agriculture by the “New theory” of the King
In 1995 the King declared the new method of agriculture for small Thai farmers of about 10 rai (1.6 ha), that of their area 3 rai make a pond to grow fishes, 3 rai to paddy field growing rice, 3 rai make fruits tree garden, and in another 1 rai of area should build their house, growing vegetables and grow small animals as pigs, chickens and ducks.
This project is recommended for the happiness of small Thai farmers. Farmers can live easily to take the stable food rice and rich proteins well, and every day can sell and take sold money, and no need of out side working, they become self-sustained farmers, and expected agricultural economy can generate in their village. Also king can expect to accumulate water in his territory in the Tropics.
6. Planting forest and organic rice at the area of equator line in Africa
(1) On the forest planting in the equator line
When we open the world map, most of equator line is occupied by oceans and island areas, which are no need of cooling, because they are with water or in side of water. Continents which needs to cool is only that of South America and Africa. In the South America, countries are Brazil, Columbia and Ecuador, of them Brazil and Columbia are the famous countries of rice growing. Then we want ask them, please grow more rice of paddy field to cool the earth. The important work of us is to plant forest at the African Continent. In Africa, there are 6 countries in the equator line, but one is Somaria, now having civil war, which must be put out, then other 5 countries as followings from the east; Kenya, Uganda, Congo D,R, Congo R and Gabon (Table 1).
Miss Mitiko Imai, famous Japanese woman alpinist says, “Forest is most effective to cool the earth, it reflects 46% of sun light by itself. It absorbs CO2 gas, giving O2, fresh air, and it keeps water long time. In every side of big forest many animals and plants gather, and they became now the world natural estates.” (The Yomiuri, Feb.24,2008.) We want to plant long band of forests at the equator line of Africa.
Table 1.Countries in equatorial Africa where we want to plant forest and organic rice
| Countries | Kenya | Uganda | Congo DR | Congoo R | Gavon | Total |
| Area km2 | 580 | 2410 | 2344 | 342 | 267 | 3774 |
| Population x103 | 30520 | 21300 | 43900 | 2590 | 1320 | 99630 |
| Distance km | 746 | 438 | 1362 | 422 | 568 | 3536 |
| Area of forest x106 m2 | 1492 | 876 | 2724 | 844 | 1136 | 7072 |
| NO. of stocks x106 | 1492 | 876 | 2724 | 844 | 1136 | 7072 |
Before the planting organic rice to cool equatorial earth, we must plant the forest in order to gather water there. We have a plan on this work, length of the continent are 3536km. and width must be at least 2000 m. The area in total becomes 7072 km2, being 2.5 times of the Total Japan area (Table1).. When we think space of the seedlings 1m x 1m, stocks needed are 7072x106, more than 7 billion stocks. For such big scale of work small NGO cannot control it. This work must be completed by the project of UN and open each country’s initiatives are need.
（２）On the growing of organic rice at the equator zone in Africa
1) Organic rice must be in paddy field of water filled, because upland rice cannot do continued croppings of high yield and resistant to pests.
2) In tropical area can grow short termed variety of about 130day’s healthy variety should be grown by 2 crops a year. Such high yield variety we had bred, and have new variety of Nerica for water paddy. By such continual use of paddy field by rice, we will succeed to get suitable harvest.
3) In the present, we cannot use the fine earthworm in Africa, which has shown the important role in Asiatic areas. But by multiple crop of rice we has possibility to get fine earthworm or such a line by mutation in the multiple crop field with insisted rice growing of high temperature condition.
4) In the tropics soil is easier to make paddy field, activity of nature is more rapid (Q10=2), and biodiversity is more ample than the temperate areas. Farmers when learnt from nature can find any hopes of agriculture every 1.5 years in their farm.
5) The road of success for organic rice growing is, we believe, to follow the way of compound organic rice, to proceed growing rice with small animal growing as us. By such method farmers can live self sustaining, getting foods, fertilizer, and weed control.
Now we could show any good results on growing rice and compound agriculture in Thailand. We must waite the reliance of UN and respective countries of Africa and Japan, and for helping or encourage us, being hopeful. Thank you!
Reference
1.Cho Han Kei,1994.Use of Native Microbes.No Bun Kyo.pp151,Tokyo.
2.Ikehashi,H.,2005.Origine of Rice CultivationKodansha Book Co.pp278.Tokyo.
3.Iwasawa,N.,2003.Recovered Organic Rice by Noncultivating Rice Growing.Japan Noncultivating Group.pp273,Chiba.
4.Kimura,M.1997.Using Microbes in Root Spheres. No Bun Kyo.pp189.Tokyo.
5.Kurihara,Y.1998.Ecology and Technology. Iwanami Book Co.pp206.Tokyo.
6.Nakamura, Y. 1998. Earthworms, Soil and Organic Farming. Soshin Sha. PP124. Tokyo.
7.Sugiyama,S.,S.Sarobol and H.Tawan,2005. Effect of Biodiversity to control diseases and insect harms of vegetables in organic farming in the tropics.Keisen Jogakuen Jr.Col. Res.Bul.36,13-18.Tokyo.
8. Washitani,I.2006. Recovering of Paddy field by refreshing the Area and Environment.
Ienohikari Assoc.pp304.Tokyo.
Dr.Shintaro Sugiyama
Mr.Tawan Hangsoongnern
253/2 Moo 3 T.Keelek
A.Maerim Chiang Mai
Thailand 50180
Tel. 053-301553, 081-9806628, 084-0436515
e-mail: ogf_net@hotmail.com
